Author information

1 GI Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

2 IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, UK.

3 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, UK.

4 Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.

5 Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.

6 Microbiology Group, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.

7 Dept of Gastroenterology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK.

8 Dept of Gastroenterology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.

9 Cambridge BioResource, Cambridge.

10 Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK.

11 Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK.

Abstract

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Current models of Crohn's disease (CD) describe an inappropriate immune response to gut microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals. NOD2 variants are strongly associated with development of CD, and NOD2 is part of the innate immune response to bacteria. This study aimed to identify differences in fecal microbiota in CD patients and non-IBD controls stratified by NOD2 genotype.

METHODS: Patients with CD and non-IBD controls of known NOD2 genotype were identified from patients in previous UK IBD genetics studies and the Cambridge bioresource (genotyped/phenotyped volunteers). Individuals with known CD-associated NOD2 mutations were matched to those with wild-type genotype. We obtained fecal samples from patients in clinical remission with low fecal calprotectin (<250 µg/g) and controls without gastrointestinal disease. After extracting DNA, the V1-2 region of 16S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified and sequenced. Analysis was undertaken using the mothur package. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) were also measured.

RESULTS: Ninety-one individuals were in the primary analysis (37 CD, 30 bioresource controls, and 24 household controls). Comparing CD with nonIBD controls, there were reductions in bacterial diversity, Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Christensenellaceae and an increase in Enterobacteriaceae. No significant differences could be identified in microbiota by NOD2 genotype, but fecal butanoic acid was higher in Crohn's patients carrying NOD2 mutations.

CONCLUSIONS: In this well-controlled study of NOD2 genotype and fecal microbiota, we identified no significant genotype-microbiota associations. This suggests that the changes associated with NOD2 genotype might only be seen at the mucosal level, or that environmental factors and prior inflammation are the predominant determinant of the observed dysbiosis in gut microbiota.