Sci Rep. 2024 Feb 3;14(1):2833. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53522-1

Robert P Hirten ¹, Kai-Chun Lin ², Jessica Whang ¹, Sarah Shahub ², Drew Helmus ¹, Sriram Muthukumar ³, Bruce E Sands ¹, Shalini Prasad ^4 5

Author information

¹The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

²Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA.

³EnLiSense LLC, Allen, TX, USA.

⁴Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA. shalini.prasad@utdallas.edu.

⁵EnLiSense LLC, Allen, TX, USA. shalini.prasad@utdallas.edu.

Abstract

Wearable devices can non-invasively monitor patients with chronic diseases. Sweat is an easily accessible biofluid for continuous sampling of analytes, including inflammatory markers and cytokines. We evaluated a sweat sensing wearable device in subjects with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Participants with an IBD related hospital admission and a C-reactive protein level above 5 mg/L wore a sweat sensing wearable device for up to 5 days. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were continually assessed in the sweat via the sensor, and daily in the blood. A second cohort of healthy subjects without chronic diseases wore the device for up to 48 h. Twenty-eight subjects were enrolled. In the 16 subjects with IBD, a moderate linear relationship between serum and sweat TNF-α levels was observed (R² = 0.72). Subjects with IBD were found to have a mean sweat TNF-α level of 2.11 pg/mL, compared to a mean value of 0.19 pg/mL in 12 healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Sweat TNF-α measurements differentiated subjects with active IBD from healthy subjects with an AUC of 0.962 (95% CI 0.894-1.000). A sweat sensing wearable device can longitudinally measure key sweat-based markers of IBD. TNF-α levels in the sweat of subjects with IBD correlate with serum values, suggesting feasibility in non-invasive disease monitoring.